The article “Review of energy efficiency in controlled environment agriculture” (Engler.N & Krarti.M, 2021) described controlled environmental agriculture (CEA) applications and its relationship with HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems. HVAC system is the technology used in indoor farming to control the environment for growing crops. This system has played an important part in meeting the demand for food production in urban farming. In addition, HVAC systems emphasize on focusing energy efficiency to address challenges posed by global warming in agriculture (AGRIVI, n.d.). The features of HVAC systems include thermostats and controllers, sensors, and lighting integration that work together to create a sustainable environment for growing crops. Furthermore, the main function is to develop optimal environmental conditions for cultivation, which includes temperature control, ventilation, and humidity control. Hence, HVAC systems used in urban farming plays a crucial role in ensuring food safety and quality produce without being affected by the climate. By using HVAC systems in urban agriculture to meet the food demand while considering the impacts of climate change contributed by the environment.
Customization of environment is one of the distinctive features
and vital functions of HVAC systems (CultivaSystems, n.d.). HVAC systems is
able to grow crops specific to their optimum environmental growth condition
through customization.
HVAC systems play a vital role in countries such as Singapore due
to limited space to meet food demands(Wijkvliet.N.V, 2022). This will lead to
healthy crops and higher yields which is part of the goal of Singapore's “30 by
30”. By 2030, the goal is “to produce 30% of the nation’s nutritional needs
locally” by transforming “Singapore’s agri-food industry into one of the most
highly productive, innovative, and sustainable” (Singaporelife, 2023). As
Singapore is a little red dot, the government and farmers have to embrace
technology and innovations to improve its product quality and production
efficiency. Singapore has adopted various technologies to increase local food
production by making use of limited land spaces. One example of this is
Singapore Housing and Development Board (HDB). HDB’s Green Towns programme was
launched by Singapore Food Agency (SFA) to set the goal for Singapore’s
sustainable future (Ng.WK, 2021). One of the approaches is to convert HDB
rooftops into urban farms. This is an urban-metabolic farming modules that aims
to create an eco-resilient farms-cape (Case et al, 2022). HVAC systems have
been applied to farming techniques where environmental control is required. The
use of artificial LED lighting has been proven and is successful in replacing
the sun.
Another farming technique that Singapore has adopted is vertical
farming incorporating HVAC systems (verticalfarmdaily, 2023). Vertical farming is
a farming system in which crops are grown vertically in layers to save space
and minimize the usage of energy and water for irrigation. Vertical farming
saves space while increasing yields of crops per square foot of ground
used (Bowery, 2023). According to Edwin
Snabel, HVAC and Indoor Farming expert at Bosman Van Zaal, "HVAC is very
important in vertical farming because it can control and optimize the growing
environment of the plants. Resulting in healthy plants and higher yields”
(verticalfarmdaily, 2023).
However, HVAC systems used in indoor farming are hard to maintain
as compared to traditional settings. Due to all year-round operations, the
equipment wear and tear would be higher, leading to an eventual shortening
of its life span. One of the HVAC systems for indoor agriculture that are very
good at temperature control is Energy-efficient. In addition,
most HVAC equipment is designed with the assumption that it
will not exceed a maximum capacity of 24 hours a day, 365 days a year (Sabeh.N,
2022). Another reason why HVAC systems are hard to manage for indoor
agriculture is because the primary occupant is plants. Plants require
a suitable environment to grow in indoor agriculture such as humidity and
temperature. Additionally,
each of the
plants has its own needs and plants interact with interactive building systems.
Therefore,
HVAC systems
must be able to monitor response and even predict the changes in the indoor
agriculture environment.
In conclusion, HVAC systems in indoor agriculture can help to reduce
the impact of climate change and also the population's food demands faced by
the world. With
regard to Singapore's “30 by 30” goals, the country does not need
to rely on imported food and can ensure the food shortage that we faced during
COVID-19 period will not recur in the future
(Singaporelife, 2023). HVAC systems is a good equipment to choose for indoor
agriculture that is
used to incorporate other farming techniques including vertical farming.
References
AGRIVI. (n.d.). Overcoming
Weather Limitations with Greenhouse Farming. Retrieved from Agrivi:
https://www.agrivi.com/blog/overcoming-weather-limitations-with-greenhouse-farming/
Bowery. (2023,
Feb 02). Vertical Farming: Why Growing Up Can Make a Difference.
Retrieved from Bowery: https://bowery.co/vertical-farming/
Case et al.
(2022, Dec 16). Urban-Metabolic Farming Modules on Rooftops for.
Retrieved from mdpi-res:
https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/sustainability/sustainability-14-16885/article_deploy/sustainability-14-16885.pdf?version=1671172473
CultivaSystems.
(n.d.). Indoor Agriculture HVAC. Retrieved from Cultiva Systems:
https://cultivasystems.com/indoor-agriculture-hvac/
Engler.N &
Krarti.M. (2021, May). Review of energy effciency in controlled
environment agriculture. Retrieved from sciencedirect:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032121000812
Ng.WK. (2021,
Feb). 7 urban farm sites on HDB rooftops launched for public tender in
Bukit Panjang, Woodlands, Sembawang. Retrieved from straitstimes.:
https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/hdb-rooftops-to-get-more-urban-farms
Sabeh.N. (2022,
Jun 22). Why Is HVAC so Hard for Indoor Farms? Retrieved from
greenhousegrower: https://www.greenhousegrower.com/production/why-is-hvac-so-hard-for-indoor-farms/
SingaporeFoodAgency.
(2022, Nov 11). SFA. Retrieved from Food For Thought:
https://www.sfa.gov.sg/food-for-thought/article/detail/a-sustainable-food-system-for-singapore-and-beyond
Singaporelife. (2023,
Mar 06). GuideMeSingapore.Hawksford. Retrieved from guidemesingapore:
https://www.guidemesingapore.com/in-the-news/2023/singapores-agritech-sector
verticalfarmdaily.
(2023, Apr 14). HVAC importance in vertical farming. Retrieved from verticalfarmdaily:
https://www.verticalfarmdaily.com/article/9520856/hvac-importance-in-vertical-farming/
Wijkvliet.N.V.
(2022, Nov 11). sustainableurbandelta. Retrieved from
sustainableurbandelta:
https://sustainableurbandelta.com/singapore-30-by-30-food-system/
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